Big data refers to the massive volumes of structured and unstructured data generated daily by organizations, customers, and systems. What sets big data apart is its 3Vs: volume, variety, and velocity.

At its core, Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach aimed at reducing defects and improving processes. It focuses on process improvement by identifying and eliminating the causes of errors and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes.

Data-driven decision making has emerged as a critical advanced management skill, allowing managers to make objective, evidence-based decisions that lead to better results and operational excellence.

Financial analysis isn't just for accountants or finance teams—it’s an essential tool for leaders across all departments. Let’s break down the core concepts and techniques non-financial managers can use to evaluate performance, optimize budgets, and drive data-driven decisions.